Safety For The Aging Driver

Generally, older drivers, especially over the age of 70, have more crashes per mile than any other group except teenagers and young adults. Also, it is more difficult for older drivers to recover from injuries suffered in a crash. If you are concerned about an aging driver, see "Referring An Unsafe Driver."

Health Problems Affecting Aging Drivers

Health problems in older adults cause slower reaction time, reduced vision and hearing, impaired body movement, and slower decision making. Health conditions such as glaucoma, arthritis, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, etc., should be considered when making decisions about driving. In cases where a person’s driving must be restricted, DMV may issue a conditional license rather than revoking the person’s driving privilege.

Tips For Safer Driving

Be aware of the changes in your driving ability and that of your aging family members or friends. Here are some things you can do:

• Don’t drive at night, at dusk, or in bad weather conditions.
• Use a seat cushion or talk to your vehicle dealer about extensions for brake and accelerator pedals or other vehicle modifications.
• Make sure your windshield and headlights are clean to help reduce glare.
• Make sure your eyeglasses have an up-to-date prescription.
• Talk to your physician for recommendations to help you drive safely.
• Take a Mature Driver Program training class. For a list of approved programs, go online at www.dmv.ca.gov.
• Attend a driver assessment or rehabilitation program.
• Never drink alcohol and drive because your body can be more sensitive to the effects of alcohol, especially when combined with medications.
• Consider using alternative means of transportation. Call your local Area Agency on Aging for a list of transportation providers in your area.

Referring An Unsafe Driver

If you are concerned that a family member, friend, or other person can no longer drive safely, write to the address below. You may also use the Request for Driver Reexamination (DS 699) located on DMV’s website. Provide the person’s name, birth date, driver license number and current address, and explain what you observed that led you to believe the person is an unsafe driver. The letter must be signed. Mail your letter to:

DMV
Driver Safety Actions Unit
M/S J234
P.O. Box 942890
Sacramento, CA 94290-0001

DMV will contact the person for a reexamination. A driving test will be given to the person when the:

• Physician reports the person has lapses of consciousness.
• Traffic officer requests a DMV review and the officer believes the driver is incapable of
  operating a vehicle safely.
• Family member makes a good-faith report to DMV stating the driver cannot safely operate a vehicle.

Vision

You need good vision to drive safely. If you cannot see clearly, you cannot judge distances or spot trouble, so you won’t be able to do something about it. You also need to see peripherally or “out of the corner of your eye” to spot cars coming up beside you while your eyes are on the road ahead.

You may see clearly and still not be able to judge distances. You need good distance judgment so you know how far you are from other cars. Many people who may see clearly in the daytime have trouble at night. Some see poorly in dim light. Others may have trouble with the glare of headlights.

Have your eyes checked every year or two. You may never know about poor peripheral vision or poor distance judgment unless you have your eyes checked.

Hearing

Hearing is more important to driving than many people realize. The sound of horns, a siren, or screeching tires can warn you of danger. Sometimes you can hear a car but you cannot see it, especially if it is in your blind spots.

Even people with good hearing cannot hear well if the radio, CD, or tape deck is blaring. While driving, do not wear a headset or earplugs in both ears.

Hearing problems, like bad eyesight, can come on so slowly that you do not notice them. Drivers who know they are deaf or hearing-impaired can adjust. They can learn to rely more on their seeing habits.

Alertness

When you are tired, you are less alert. The body naturally wants to sleep at night and most drivers are less alert at night, especially after midnight. You may not see hazards as soon or react as quickly, so your chances of having a crash are greater. If you are sleepy, the only safe cure is to get off the road and get some sleep.

To keep from getting tired on a long trip:

• Get at least a normal night’s sleep before you start.
• Don’t take any drugs that can make you drowsy.
• Don’t drive long hours and try not to drive late at night.
• Take regular rest stops, even if you are not tired.
• Keep shifting your eyes from one part of the road to another. Look at objects near and far, left and right.
• Try chewing gum or singing along with the radio.
• Roll your window down and get some fresh air.

If you are tired all the time and fall asleep often during the day, ask your physician to check for a sleep disorder.

Medications

Remember that all medications, prescription and over-the counter, are potentially dangerous. Over-the-counter medicines that you take for colds and allergies can make you drowsy and affect your driving ability. If you must take medication before driving, find out the effects of the medication from your physician or pharmacist. It is your responsibility to know the effects of the medications you take.

Before you decide to drive, do not:

• Mix medications unless directed by your physician.
• Take medications prescribed for someone else.
• Mix alcohol with your medications. This applies to both prescribed and over-the-counter medications.

Health And Emotions

Your personality affects the way you drive. Don’t let your emotions interfere with safe driving. Use all of your good judgment, common sense, and courtesy when you drive and follow all the recommended safe driving rules.

Discuss poor vision, heart problems, diabetes, or epilepsy with your physician and follow his or her advice. Tell DMV if you have a condition that might affect your ability to drive safely.

Conditions Physicians Must Report

Physicians and surgeons are required to report patients at least 14 years of age and older who are diagnosed as having lapses of consciousness, dementia (mental disorders) conditions, or related disorders. (Health & Safety Code Section 103900.

Although not required by law, your physician may report any other medical condition he/she believes may affect your ability to drive safely.

alifornia Driver Handbook

Miscellaneous

Designated Driver Program

The Designated Driver Program is an anti-DUI effort that works. The program encourages one individual to abstain from consuming alcoholic beverages for an outing so that he or she can be responsible for transporting the other members of the group safely.

To participate as a designated driver, an individual:

• Should be at least 21 years of age and must possess a valid driver license.
• Must be part of a group of two or more persons and verbally identify himself or herself as the designated driver to the server.
• Must abstain from consuming alcoholic beverages for the duration of the outing.
• Must not be an otherwise impaired driver.
• Must understand that management reserves the right to refuse service to anyone at anytime.

Diplomatic Driver License

Nonresidents who possess a valid diplomatic driver license issued by the U.S. Department of State are exempt from California’s driver licensing requirement.

Driving Schools

When learning to drive, you should seek qualified instruction either in bona fide public or private high schools or in state licensed professional driving schools.

Professional schools and instructors in California are licensed by the DMV after meeting rigid qualifying standards. Schools must carry liability insurance, be bonded, and maintain complete records for DMV inspection. Vehicles are subject to annual inspection. Instructors must pass a qualifying written examination every three years, or show proof of continuing education in the traffic safety field. If you use the services of a professional driving school, ask to see the instructor’s identification card.

Free ID Cards For P&M Conditions

Drivers who are no longer able to drive safely because of a physical or mental (P&M) condition may exchange their valid driver license for an ID card for no fee, if certain guidelines are met. Call 1-800-777-0133 for additional information.

Identification (ID) Card

DMV issues ID cards to persons of any age. To obtain an original ID card, you must present a birth date/legal presence verification document (more info) and provide your social security number. The ID card is good until the sixth birthday after it is issued. The fee for an ID may be reduced if you meet certain income requirements for specific public assistance programs.

Note: Governmental or nonprofit organizations determine whether an individual meets the requirements for a reduced -fee ID.

If you are age 62 or over, you may obtain a free Senior Citizen ID card good for 10 years.

California Driver Handbook

Miscellaneous

Mature Driver Program

The Mature Driver Program is an eight-hour course for drivers aged 55 and older. The course covers a variety of topics of special interest to the mature driver and is available from course providers approved by DMV.

Your insurance company may offer discounts for those who complete the class and receive a completion certificate . The certificate is valid for three years and can be renewed by completing a four-hour course.

Pedestrian Responsibilities*

Yield the right-of-way to vehicles when you:

• Cross or walk where intersections or crosswalks are not marked.
• "Jaywalk" across a street between intersections, where no pedestrian crosswalks are provided.

Remember: Making eye contact with the driver does not mean that the driver will see you or yield the right-of-way.

Do not suddenly leave a curb or other safe place and walk or run into the path of a vehicle close enough to be a danger to you. This is true even though you are in a crosswalk. The law states that drivers must take care for the safety of any pedestrian— but if the driver can’t stop in time to avoid hitting you, the law won’t help you.

Always obey traffic signals. Whether the intersection has pedestrian signals or the usual traffic lights, you must obey the pedestrian rules. (More information about pedestrians) At an intersection where traffic is not controlled by signals, drivers are required to yield the right-of-way to you within any crosswalk, marked or unmarked.

When a signal first changes to green or "WALK" for you, look left, right, and then left again, and yield the right of way to any vehicle in the intersection before the signal changed.

If the signal begins blinking or changes to "DON’T WALK," or to an upraised hand after you have gone part way across a divided street, you may continue across the street.

Do not stop or delay traffic unnecessarily while crossing a street.

Pedestrians are not permitted on any toll bridge or highway crossing unless there is a sidewalk and signs stating pedestrian traffic is permitted.

If there is no sidewalk, walk facing the oncoming traffic (see the picture below). Don’t walk or jog on any freeway where signs tell you that pedestrians are not allowed.

At night, make yourself more visible by wearing white clothing and retro-reflective materials, or carrying a flashlight.

*Joggers must obey pedestrian rules.

Record Confidentiality

Most information in your driver license file is available to the public. Your residence address may only be viewed by authorized agencies. Your mailing address, if different from your residence, is less restricted.

Records on the physical or mental condition of a driver, however, remain confidential.

You may obtain a copy of your driving record at any DMV office for a fee and by providing valid identification.

Vehicle Theft Prevention Tips

If you follow the suggestions below, you can minimize your chances of becoming the victim of vehicle theft. In the United States, a vehicle is stolen an average of every 21 minutes. Vehicle theft costs the victim time and money and it costs society by increasing insurance premiums. Also, vehicle thieves often use the stolen vehicles to commit other crimes.

Vehicle thefts seem to occur more often where large groups of cars are parked for extended periods of time, such as shopping centers, colleges, sporting events, movie complexes, and large apartment complexes. Vehicle thefts can occur anytime—at random, on different days of the week and various times of the day.

Here are some tips you can use to avoid being the victim of vehicle theft:

• Never leave:
  • your vehicle running and unattended, even to dash into a store.
  • the keys in the ignition or in the vehicle. Don’t leave them inside a locked garage or in hide-a-key boxes.
  • valuables in plain view, even if your vehicle is locked. Place them out of sight.
  • personal identification documents such as the ownership title or credit cards in the vehicle.
• Always:
  • roll up your windows and lock your vehicle, even if it’s parked in front of your house.
  • park in high-traffic, well lighted areas, whenever possible.
  • report a stolen vehicle immediately to the police.
• Suggestions:
  • Install a mechanical device that locks the steering wheel, column, or brakes.
  • Investigate the purchase of a vehicle theft tracking/security system, especially if you own one of the frequently-stolen model vehicles.
  • When you must leave your key with a valet, attendant, or mechanic, only leave the ignition key.
  • Copy your license plate and vehicle information on a card and keep that information with you. The police will need this information, if your vehicle is stolen.

Traffic Breaks

Traffic breaks are used by law enforcement for several reasons:

• to slow or stop traffic to remove hazards from the roadway.
• conducting emergency operations.
• prevent traffic accidents in heavy fog or unusually heavy traffic.

During a traffic break, the officer turns on the rear emergency lights, slows the vehicle and drives across the lanes of traffic in a serpentine manner. To assist the officer in conducting a traffic break, follow these rules:

• activate your emergency flashers to warn other drivers there is a hazard ahead.
• slowly begin to decrease your speed. Do not slow abruptly unless it is necessary to avoid a collision. Slow to the same speed while keeping a safe distance from the patrol car ahead of you.
• do not attempt to drive past the patrol vehicle. Do not accelerate until the patrol vehicle has turned off its emergency lights and traffic conditions ahead allow the return of normal speeds.

California Driver Handbook

Signs

source: http://www.dmv.ca.gov/pubs/hdbk/signs.htm

Safe Driving Practices--california

California Driver Handbook

Safe Driving Practices - SEAT BELTS

Seat belts, both the lap belt and shoulder harness, must be in good working order. You may not operate your vehicle unless you and all your passengers 16 years of age or over, or who weigh 60 lbs. or more, are wearing seat belts. If seat belts are not worn, you may be given a traffic ticket. Also, the driver will be given the ticket if a passenger, younger than 16, is not wearing his/her seat belt.

Always use your seat belts (including the shoulder harness) if your vehicle is equipped with them and even if the vehicle is equipped with air bags. If you wear only a lap belt when driving, your chances of living through an accident are twice as good as someone who doesn’t wear a lap belt. If you wear a lap and shoulder belt, your chances are three to four times better.

Pregnant women should wear the lap belt as low as possible under the abdomen and the shoulder strap between the breasts and to the side of the abdomen’s bulge.

WARNING: Using seat belts reduces the chance of being thrown from your vehicle in case of an accident. If you don’t install and use a shoulder harness with the seat (lap) belt, serious or fatal injuries may happen in some crashes. Lap-only belts increase the chance of spinal column and abdominal injuries—especially in children. Shoulder harnesses may be available for your vehicle, if it is not already equipped with them.

Mistaken Beliefs About Seat Belts

Safety belts can reduce injuries and deaths. Many studies and actual crash tests have proven this. Have you heard these stories?

• "Seat belts can trap you inside a car." It actually takes less than a second to take off a seat belt. This scare tactic often describes a car that caught fire or sank in deep water. A seat belt may keep you from being "knocked out." Your chance to escape is better if you are conscious.
• "Seat belts are good on long trips, but I don’t need them if I’m driving around town." Half of all traffic deaths happen within 25 miles of home. Don’t take chances with your life or the lives of your passengers. Buckle up every time you drive.
• "Some people are thrown clear in a crash and walk away with hardly a scratch." Your chances of surviving an accident are five times as good if you stay inside the car. A seat belt can keep you from being thrown into the path of another car.
• "I’m only going to the store. My little brother or sister doesn’t need a child’s car seat, anyway. It’s too much hassle." Car accidents are the No. 1 preventable cause of death for children. Buckle them up in an approved safety seat. It’s worth it, and the law requires that you do.

The pictures illustrate what can happen in an accident. Your car stops, but you keep on going at the same speed you were traveling until you hit the dashboard or windshield. At 30 mph this is like hitting the ground from the top of a three-story building.

If you were struck from the side, the impact could push you back and forth across the seat. Belts and straps keep you in a better position to control the car.

CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEM AND SAFETY SEATS

Any child under the age of six weighing less than 60 pounds must be secured in a federally approved child passenger restraint system and ride in the back seat of a vehicle.

A child under the age of six weighing less than 60 pounds may ride in the front seat of a vehicle when:

• There is no rear seat or the rear seats are either side-facing jump seats or rear-facing seats.
• The child passenger restraint system cannot be installed properly in the rear seat.
• All rear seats are already occupied by children under the age of 12 years.
• A medical reason requires the child to ride in the front seat.

A child may not ride in the front seat of an airbag-equipped vehicle if the child:

• Is under one year of age.
• Weighs less than 20 pounds.
• Is riding in a rear-facing child passenger restraint system.

Children ages six and older but less than 16 and children under age six who weigh more than 60 pounds, must be properly secured in an appropriate child passenger restraint system or safety belt which meets federal safety standards.

RIDING SAFELY WITH AIR BAGS

Most people can take steps to eliminate or reduce risk without turning off air bags. The biggest risk is being too close to the air bag. An air bag needs about 10 inches of space to inflate. Ride at least 10 inches (measured from the center of the steering wheel to your breastbone) from the air bag cover if you can do this while maintaining full control of the vehicle. If you cannot safely sit 10 inches away from the air bag, contact your vehicle dealer or manufacturer for advice about additional ways of moving back from your air bag.

Passengers should also sit at least 10 inches away from the passenger-side air bag.

SIDE-IMPACT AIR BAGS

Side-impact air bags can provide extra safety benefits to adults in side-impact crashes. However, children who are seated next to a side air bag may be at risk of serious or fatal injury. Since there are differences in the design and performance of side air bags, you should consider the benefits and risks associated with the use of side air bags if you transport children. Studies have shown that children who are leaning against a side air bag when it inflates are at risk of serious injury. These studies also show that children who are traveling in an age and weight-appropriate, and correctly installed child restraint system, are not at risk of serious injury. These children are usually not in the path of a side air bag when it inflates.

UNATTENDED CHILDREN IN MOTOR VEHICLES

It is illegal to leave a child six years of age or younger unattended in a motor vehicle when:

• There are conditions that present a significant risk to the child’s health or safety. Example: Leaving a child in a closed car on a very hot day.
• The vehicle’s engine is running, the keys are in the ignition, or both. Children can start or move the car causing injuries and/or deaths to themselves or others.
  Exception: The child may be left under the supervision of a person 12 years of age or older.

The court may fine violators and require the person to attend a community education program.

Also, the penalties for leaving an unattended child in a vehicle are more severe if the child is injured, requires emergency medical services, or dies.

EQUIPMENT FOR SAFE DRIVING

Motorists can be safe drivers only when their vehicles are properly equipped and in good working order. No one can legally drive any vehicle that may be a hazard to any person or property.

Required Equipment

Your motor vehicle must have the following working equipment:

• BRAKES: Your vehicle must have two brake systems and brakes on all wheels. The foot brake must be strong enough to stop a vehicle traveling at a speed of 20 mph in 30 feet The emergency or parking brake must be strong enough to stop the vehicle in 55 feet at the same speed. The emergency brake also must be able to hold the vehicle on a grade or hill.
  
  Some vehicles have special rules. Motor-driven cycles only need one brake. Vehicles with three or more axles may have a front axle with brakes. Antique vehicles more than 25 years old must keep the same type of brakes originally installed; however, when they are driven on a highway, they must have brakes on at least two wheels.
• LIGHTS: Lights required on motor vehicles are:
  
  
  • Headlights: Motor vehicles must have two headlights. Headlights must be lighted from sunset to sunrise. State law also requires headlights to be used in times when rain, snow, fog or other atmospheric conditions require the use of windshield wipers. They should also be used when objects 1,000 feet away cannot be seen. Bright lights must be dimmed 500 feet before meeting an oncoming vehicle or 300 feet before passing a vehicle. Motorcycles and mopeds require only one head light, which must show objects 500 feet ahead. A motorcycle headlight must be lighted whenever the vehicle is driven.
  • Taillights: All vehicles require two red lights visible for 500 feet from behind. Only one taillight is needed for mopeds and motorcycles.
  • Turn Signals: Vehicles, except motorcycles, trailers and semitrailers, must have right and left turn signals on the front and rear. Signals must be seen from 300 feet.
  • Stop Lights: Vehicles must have at least one red or amber stop light visible for 500 feet from behind in normal sunlight.
  • License Plate Light: Vehicles must have a white light making the license plate readable from 50 feet away. The light must be on whenever headlights are lighted.
  • Parking Lights: Front and rear parking lights are required for any vehicle stopped on a highway at night. Some local communities may allow unlighted night parking on streets.
• SAFETY BELTS: Passenger cars must have two sets of safety belts in the front seat. Without these belts, 1965 or later models may not be sold in Illinois. Also, 1965 or later models licensed in Illinois may not be driven without safety belts.
• MIRRORS: You must have one rearview mirror so you are able to see at least 200 feet behind your car.
• WINDOWS: All window glass must be approved safety glass. The windshield must be free of snow, ice, moisture and any defects that can distort vision. All glass also must be free of obstructions between the driver and front or rear windows. Vehicles are not allowed to have tinted windows on the front windshield or front side windows, unless the driver has a medical exception certified by a physician licensed to practice medicine in Illinois. A 6-inch strip of tinting is allowed along the entire length at the top of the front windshield.
• WIPERS: Wipers must operate properly to clear the windshield of ice, snow and moisture.
• HORN: You must have a horn that can be heard from a distance of 200 feet. Sirens, whistles and bells are allowed only on authorized emergency vehicles.
• MUFFLER: A muffler must be on the exhaust system to prevent excessive noise and smoke. This also includes turbine wheels used in the exhaust system of a diesel engine. Cutouts, bypasses and changes to the system to increase noise are illegal.
• BUMPERS: Vehicles weighing 9,000 lbs. or less and all recreational vehicles must have a front and rear bumper. It is illegal to alter the suspension system of a vehicle to lift the body from the chassis frame in excess of three inches. Also, a driver must not cause the horizontal line from the front to the rear to vary over 3 inches.

Restricted Equipment

Your motor vehicle may not have the following equipment:

• PROJECTING LOADS: Loads extending 4 feet or more to the rear of a vehicle must be marked with a red flag during the day. At night or when visibility is poor, the vehicle must have a red light visible for 500 feet.
• LIGHTS: Certain lights have restrictions.
  
  
  • Back-up Lights: Vehicles may have one or more backup lights. However, they may not be lighted when the vehicle is moving forward.
  • Spotlights: Only one spotlight is allowed. When approaching another vehicle, it must be directed neither to the left nor more than 100 feet ahead. Your vehicle may not have more than four 300 candlepower lights burning.
  • Flashing or Moving Lights: Flashing or moving lights other than turn signals or hazard indicators are prohibited. This does not apply to police or emergency vehicles.
  • Red Lights: Red lights visible from the front are prohibited. This does not apply to police or emergency vehicles.
  • Running Board Lights: These are limited to one on each side, which must be nonglare white or amber lights.
  • Cowl or Fender Lamps: Only two lights are allowed, which must be nonglare, white or amber lights.
• STUDDED TIRES: Pneumatic tires with metal studs are unlawful except for:
  
  
  • vehicles used by mail carriers in rural areas between November 15 and April 1.
  • vehicles displaying disabled plates or disabled veteran plates between November 15 and April 1. These owners must live on a county or township road in an unincorporated area.
  • agricultural tractors or traction engines.
  • agricultural machinery, including wagons, being used for agricultural towing purposes.
  • road-building machinery operated at a speed of less than 10 mph.
• TELEVISIONS: No motor vehicle may have a television set that can be seen from the driver’s seat.
• ANTIQUES: Special rules for lamps, brakes, stop lights and turn signals apply to vehicles more than 25 years old. For more information, contact the Secretary of State’s office at 800-252-8980.
• RADAR DETECTORS: Possession and use of radar detection and/or radar jamming devices is prohibited in commercial vehicles.

Source: http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com

SAFE DRIVING TIPS

Driving is a privilege and a responsibility. A driver must obey all traffic laws and be prepared to react to other drivers and driving conditions.

Aggressive Driving

Aggressive driving is the operation of a motor vehicle in a manner that endangers or is likely to endanger persons or property. Persons doing any of the following may be committing acts of aggressive driving.

• Speeding
• Running red lights and stop signs
• Tailgating
• Passing on the shoulder of the road
• Cutting off another vehicle
• Slamming on brakes in front of a tailgater
• Improper hand or facial gestures at other drivers
• Yelling
• Repeatedly honking the horn
• Repeatedly flashing of headlights

Aggressive driving is a serious problem that is responsible for many traffic accidents and fatalities. It is to your benefit to avoid aggressive drivers and potentially dangerous situations. If you encounter an angry or aggressive motorist:

• Do not retaliate or in any way engage the other driver. Get out of the way.
• Do not make eye contact.
• Keep your doors locked and your windows up.
• Keep enough space between you and the vehicle in front of you to pull out from behind.
• Do not underestimate the other driver’s potential for aggression.

Anyone can become an aggressive driver. Do not let stress and frustration get the best of you while driving.

• Be patient and courteous.
• Do not drive when angry, overtired or upset.
• Allow extra time to get to your destination.
• When possible, change your schedule to avoid congestion.
• Listen to relaxing music or books on tape.
• Give other drivers the benefit of the doubt - all drivers make mistakes.
• Avoid all conflict, even if you are right.

Alert Driving

A driver must concentrate on the road and drive defensively.

CONCENTRATION: Operating a vehicle safely demands that the driver concentrate on driving. The person should be rested, calm and not under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. One of the greatest hazards of roadway driving is drowsiness or "highway hypnosis". Lack of sleep or fatigue affects your ability to safely drive your vehicle. When taking a long trip, avoid drowsiness by stopping frequently to drink coffee, exercise or nap. Exercise your eyes by reading road signs or shifting the focus of your eyes to different parts of the roadway. Make sure you are properly rested.

DEFENSIVE DRIVING: Plan ahead for the unexpected. Always be prepared to react to the other driver. Do not expect the other driver to do what you think he or she should do. Do not think you know what he or she is going to do. If you cannot avoid a crash, remain calm and try to choose the least dangerous situation. For example, running into a ditch is less dangerous than a head-on collision. Also, your chances of survival are greater if your vehicle is in good mechanical condition.

Vehicle Following Distances

TWO-SECOND RULE: Following a vehicle too closely is called "tailgating". Use the two-second rule to determine a safe following distance. Select a fixed object on the road ahead such as a sign, tree or overpass. When the vehicle ahead of you passes the object, count "one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two". You should not reach the object before you count to one-thousand-two. If you do, you are following too closely. Most rear-end collisions are caused by the vehicle in back following too closely.

The two-second rule also applies to your speed when you are on a good road and during good weather conditions. If the road and/or weather conditions are not good, increase your distance to a four- or five-second count. If you are being tailgated, move to another lane or slowly pull off the road and allow the vehicle to pass.

Two-Second Rule
Vehicle Speed	Approximate Feet Vehicle will Travel in 1 Second	2 Second Rule Distance
25 mph	37 feet	74 feet back
35 mph	52 feet	104 feet back
45 mph	66 feet	132 feet back
55 mph	81 feet	162 feet back

Vehicle Speed

MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM SPEEDS: Driving too fast or too slowly may create a dangerous situation. Regardless of the posted speed limit, weather and traffic conditions may make it necessary to drive more slowly. However, driving too slowly also can be dangerous. Your speed should be adjusted for the conditions and match the flow of traffic, as long as it does not surpass the maximum posted speed.

STOPPING: The ability to stop your car safely should be considered when deciding your speed. Consider the following:

• How quickly you can react physically and mentally.
• The type and condition of the roadway. It will be more difficult and take longer to stop on wet asphalt.
• The kind of tires you are using and the condition of the tread. Large, wide tires with good tread will stop a vehicle faster than small, narrow tires with little tread.
• The type, condition and adjustment of your brakes.
• The direction and speed of the wind. A strong tail wind can make it very difficult to stop.
• Vehicle design, weight distribution, suspension and shock absorbers.

Vehicles and Trains

Crashes involving vehicles and trains can be prevented. Approaching and crossing railroad tracks require drivers to take extreme caution. Following are important laws and safety tips:

WARNING SIGNS: Railroad crossings are marked with one or more of the following signs:

• A round railroad advance warning sign means a crossing is ahead. In rural areas, this sign is posted 750 feet before the tracks. It warns you to look, listen and slow down.
• In front of the railroad crossing, the pavement is marked with a large X and two R’s. A solid yellow line means you may not pass another vehicle as you near the tracks.
• Crossbuck signs are posted at most tracks. The sign will indicate if there is more than one track.
• Flashing lights always mean a train is near. Always stop when the lights begin to flash.
• Some crossings also have gates. Always stop when the gates begin to lower. It is against the law to drive through, around or under these gates.

DRIVE CAREFULLY: When crossing a railroad track, be especially careful! Drive as though you expect a train on any track at any time.

SECOND TRAINS: More than one train may be on the tracks. After one train has passed, always look for a second train on another track before proceeding.

NEVER GET TRAPPED: Sometimes you may be moving with a stream of vehicles across a railroad track. Check carefully to make sure there is enough room for your vehicle on the other side of the track. If there is not enough room, do not cross the tracks.

NEVER SHIFT GEARS: If your vehicle has a manual transmission, shift down before reaching the tracks. To avoid stalling, you should not change gears while crossing the track.

NEVER RACE A TRAIN: Trying to race a train may cost you your life and those of your passengers. DO NOT race a train to a crossing.

SOME VEHICLES MUST STOP: Some vehicles must stop at railroad crossings. These include commercial vehicles carrying people for hire, school buses and vehicles carrying hazardous material. Be prepared to stop when you are behind these vehicles.

Remember, crashes involving trains and vehicles are usually caused by carelessness. Always stop, look and listen for trains. Extra safety may save your life.

Weather Conditions

Weather can create a driving hazard. Special care must be taken in fog, rain, high winds and winter driving conditions.

FOG: It is best not to drive in fog. However, if you must drive in fog, take the following precautions:

• Slow down. If you see headlights or taillights, slow down even more. A driver may be driving in the center of the roadway or may be stopped or barely moving.
• Drive with your headlights set on dim, or use foglights..
• Do not overdrive your headlights. Stay within the limits of your vision. You may have to stop suddenly. If the fog is too dense, pull off the roadway and stop. Do not drive at 5-10 mph.
• Use your turn signal long before you turn, and brake early when you approach a stop to warn other drivers.

RAIN: When rain begins to fall lightly, water, dust, oil and leaves cause the roadway to become slippery. When this happens, increase your following distance. Take special care on curves and turns and while braking. Your headlights must be on when operating your wipers. Parking lights are not acceptable.

When rain begins to fall heavily, your tires may "hydroplane". This means the tires are riding on a layer of water and not on the roadway. Avoid hydroplaning by slowing down. If you skid while hydroplaning, try to regain control of the vehicle. Otherwise, release the accelerator and ride out the skid.

HIGH WINDS: Wind can be a difficult problem for all drivers. Wind is especially difficult for drivers of trucks, recreational vehicles, campers and trailers-in-tow. In high winds, reduce your speed and make steering corrections when you go from a protected area to an open area and when meeting large vehicles such as trucks and buses. Heavy rain or sleet often accompanies high winds. Be alert to wet or slippery areas and plan for those conditions. In high winds, the Illinois Tollway System bans the hauling of house trailers.

WINTER DRIVING: Winter is the most difficult driving season due to many reasons, including ice, snow, lower temperatures and fewer daylight hours.

• Drive slower and increase your following distance. Roadway conditions may vary depending upon the sun, shade or roadway surface.
• Remove all snow and ice from your vehicle. Clear all windows, and do not start driving until your windshield is defrosted and clear. Be sure you have non-freezing windshield washer liquid and that your headlights and taillights are visible.
• Be sure your vehicle is maintained properly. Lights, brakes, windshield wipers, defrosters, radiator and other parts should be in good working order.
• Use snow tires and/or chains (where allowed). Snow tires give you extra traction, and chains increase safety on snow or icepacked roads. Neither tires nor chains allow you to drive on bad roads at normal speeds.
• Start slowly. Gentle braking in slow, steady strokes helps you find out how much traction you have. Begin braking early when you come to an intersection or a stop.
• Approach bridges, shaded spots, overpasses and turns slowly. They may remain icy after the rest of the roadway is clear and dry.
• Plan ahead for winter driving. Carry a blanket, food and other survival equipment, such as a shovel, in your vehicle in case you become stranded. If you become stranded, remain in your vehicle. Run your engine only for brief times, and open your window to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. Make sure your vehicle tailpipe is free of snow and debris.

Equipment Failure

Crashes often happen when equipment fails. Your most important aid is remaining calm. Equipment failures may include:

BLOWOUTS: A thumping sound may be a warning of a blowout. If this happens, ease your foot off the gas pedal and keep a firm grasp on the steering wheel. Do not brake suddenly. Pull safely off the roadway and check your tires.

LOSS OF A WHEEL: React as you would with a blowout. Ease off the gas pedal and pull off the roadway.

STEERING FAILURE: If you suddenly have no control of the steering wheel, ease your foot off the gas pedal. Turn on your emergency flashers and allow your vehicle to come to a slow stop. Brake very gently to prevent your vehicle from spinning.

BRAKE FAILURE: If your brake pedal suddenly sinks to the floor, pump it to build pressure. If that does not work, use your emergency or parking brake. To slow down, shift your vehicle into a lower gear.

HEADLIGHT FAILURE: If your headlights fail suddenly, try your emergency flashers, parking lights and/or turn signals. Pull off the road. If your lights begin to dim, drive to a service station or pull off the road and seek help.

STUCK GAS PEDAL: If the gas pedal becomes stuck, hook your toe under it to free it. If it does not become free, shift your vehicle into neutral and brake gently to slow down. If you have power steering or a locking steering wheel, do not turn off the ignition, you will lose either your power steering or your ability to steer.

BLOCKED VISION: If for any reason your vision becomes blocked, roll down the side window to see. Turn on your emergency flashers and then pull your vehicle off the road.

Special Driving Situations

Just as weather and equipment affect your safety, other driving situations also require extra caution.

EXPRESSWAY DRIVING: Expressways, toll roads, turnpikes and freeways are fast, multiple-lane roads. The maximum speed limit is 55 or 65 mph. Following are some tips for safe driving on expressways:

• Getting on expressways: When entering an expressway, you will usually find a speed-change lane. This lane allows you to gain the speed necessary before merging. You should signal and look for an opening in the traffic, match traffic speed and merge with traffic when safe.
  
  
• Getting off expressways: Exits may be on the right or left. Be sure to be in the correct exit and speed-change lanes. Signal your intent, then slow down to make your exit in the speed-change lane.
  
  

Driving on expressways: Be especially alert when driving on expressways. Speed and traffic volume are major concerns:

• Check your rearview and side mirrors before changing lanes.
• Use your turn signals when making lane changes.
• Go to the next exit if you missed yours. Backing up on expressways is against the law.
• Do not follow too closely. Allow plenty of distance between you and the car ahead.
• The right lane is for slower traffic. The left lane is used for faster traffic and for passing.
• Do not stop on the expressway. Pull off the road if you have a problem. Lift your car's hood and turn on your hazard flashers. Do not walk along the expressway.

NIGHT DRIVING: Night driving is difficult because things may appear differently than in daylight. Also, glare from lights may interfere with vision. Courtesy and common sense should be used when driving at night.

• Never overdrive your headlights. Always keep them clean and aimed properly. Use them at dusk and dawn. Bright lights must be dimmed 500 feet before meeting an oncoming vehicle or 300 feet before passing a vehicle.
• If street lights cause a lot of glare, dim your dashboard lights and use your sun visor. Avoid using any other light inside your vehicle.
• Roadway signs are more difficult to see at night.
• Use edge lines and center lines of the roadway as guides.
• Do not stop on the roadway. If you must stop, carry and use a red warning light.

RURAL INTERSECTIONS: Depending on the time of the year, it may be difficult to see other drivers. Some rural intersections may be marked with warning signs (stop, yield, etc.), while others may not. When approaching any rural intersection, slow down and look both ways before entering the intersection. Be safe and enter all rural intersections with caution.

CURVES: Slow down before beginning the curve. Do not brake suddenly as this may cause skidding or locked wheels. Never drive over the center line.

HEAD-ON APPROACHES: When a vehicle is approaching head-on in your lane, slow down immediately. Pull over to the right and sound your horn.

SKIDDING: Skidding occurs when tires lose traction. If you skid, ease off the gas pedal or brakes. Steer into the direction of the skid until you feel you have regained traction and then straighten your vehicle.

DRIVING OFF THE PAVEMENT: If your wheels drift off the pavement onto the shoulder, grip the wheel firmly, ease your foot off the gas pedal and brake gently. After checking for traffic behind you, gently steer back onto the pavement. Do not jerk your wheel to correct your steering. This may cause you to drive into oncoming traffic.

FIRE: If smoke appears, pull off the road. Turn off the engine, move away from the vehicle and call the fire department. Vehicle fires can be very dangerous. Do not fight the fire yourself.

WATER ACCIDENTS: If your vehicle runs off the roadway into water but does not sink right away, try to escape through a window. Because of differences in water pressure, you may not be able to open your car door. If your vehicle does sink, move to the back seat area where an air pocket usually forms. Take a deep breath and exit from a rear window.

CELLULAR PHONE USAGE: When using your cellular phone while driving, always remember your number one responsibility is driving. Persons under age 18 are prohibited from using a cell phone while driving except in an emergency. If you do use a cellular phone, take the following precautions:

• Always assess traffic conditions before calling.
• Be familiar with the phone's keypad - use speed dial if possible.
• Place calls when stopped, or have a passenger dial.
• Make sure phone is within easy reach.
• Use speaker phone/hands-free device.
• Avoid intense, emotional or complicated conversations.
• Avoid talking on phone in congested traffic or bad weather.
• Pull off road to dial or complete a conversation.

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Carbon monoxide is a deadly poison. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are weariness, yawning, dizziness, nausea, headache and ringing in the ears. You can prevent carbon monoxide poisoning by having the exhaust system checked regularly. Also, leave the window partially open when starting the engine, while driving the vehicle or when running the engine while parked. Never run the engine in your garage.

Electricity

If you are in a crash that results in power lines falling on your vehicle, the danger of electrical shock exists. You should remain in your vehicle until help arrives. However, if fire is an immediate danger, you must jump clear of the vehicle. Do not allow any part of your body to touch the vehicle and the ground at the same time.

Explosive Fire Hazard

Always shut off your vehicle’s engine when refueling. Never smoke around gas pumps. For safety purposes, remain with the pump while refueling and avoid returning to vehicle during the pumping process.

Being Pulled Over by Law Enforcement

• Slow down and pull over safely as soon as possible. If the police vehicle is unmarked and you cannot identify the driver as a police officer, drive slowly and carefully below the speed limit to a well-lit, populated spot and pull over, or go to the nearest police station, attempt to attract the attention of a uniformed officer or call 911.
• Stay in the driver’s seat with both hands clearly in sight on the steering wheel until the officer instructs you otherwise or the traffic stop is complete. Do not exit your vehicle unless asked to do so. Getting out of your car can be perceived as aggressive behavior and a threat to the officer’s safety. Turn on your interior light if stopped at night.
• Comply with the officer’s request to see your driver’s license and proof of insurance. If these items are in the glove box or under the seat, inform the officer of that fact and then follow his/her directions before retrieving them.
• If you are issued a ticket requiring a signature, sign it. Signing a ticket is not an admission of guilt—only an acknowledgment of receiving the ticket.
• If you are suspected of drunk driving, cooperate with the officer(s) on the scene. If you refuse to submit to breath, blood or performance tests, your refusal could result in loss of driving privileges.
• Get out of the automobile only if asked to do so.
• Be aware that you may have committed some minor traffic violation without realizing it, there may be some problem with your vehicle of which you are unaware, or you might be driving a vehicle that is similar to one used in a serious crime. Many officers will not provide specific reasons for the stop until they have your license and insurance card in hand. Therefore, they will avoid having to debate the reason for the stop before they receive these items from you.
• If you wish to offer an explanation of your circumstances when stopped, do so before the officer returns to his vehicle. The officer cannot void the ticket once it has been written. Cooperate during the incident even if you believe you haven’t committed an offense. If you believe you have been treated unfairly, present your case in traffic court and not to the officer along the roadway.
• You are to be treated with dignity and respect by the officer. If you believe that an officer has acted inappropriately during a traffic stop or other encounter, you should report that conduct as soon as possible to the officer’s superiors.
• Officers are required to provide their names and badge number upon request.

Source: http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com

Road Safety

ROAD SAFETY

A. Vehicle
A vehicle should be properly equipped and must always be in good condition for safe driving. No one can legally drive a vehicle that may be a hazard to any person and property just like its operator, it needs regular clean-up and check-up.

1.) Underneath Parts
Check tie rod. Low tire pressure may cause the wear and tear pressure. Always equip vehicle with spare tires. Tires with worn out thread will slide more easily on wet pavements and may blow-out without warning.

2.) Outside Parts
Have clean rearview mirrors to see at least 200 ft. behind. Windows must be clean and free of obstruction. Check vehicle lights if they are all working such as tail lights, turn signals, stop lights, license plate lights and parking lights. Check wipers if they operate properly to clear the windshield. Check mufflers to prevent excessive noise and smoke.

3.) Inside Parts
Engine tune-up. As part of the tune-up, spark plugs, distributor points, condenser and air cleaner must be replaced, carburetor must be cleaned periodically.

Battery: It must be kept in good condition. Add distilled water if the level is low.

Safety devices: Check devices such as fuses and circuit brakers.

Radiator: Check radiator fluid level before starting the engine.

Brakes Foot: Brakes and parking brakes must be firm enough to stop.

Others: Check the temperature gauge and hose connections, brake fluid and master cylinder.
Be sure to check the type of gasoline/oil suited to your vehicle.

4.) Check horn if it can be heard from a distance. A defective steering wheel, clutch, pedals and shift gears need serious attention. Turn the ignition if lights and gauges register. The car's gauge warns the driver if something is going wrong.

Finding a competent and dependable mechanic is important to a driver for proper maintenance and prevention of car problems before they become critical. It is the responsibility of the driver to keep his car in good running condition.

B. The Driver's Physical Condition
It is enough to have a vehicle in good running condition to ensure safety in driving. As a driver you must be physically, emotionally and mentally fit to operate your vehicle on the road. This is vital to safe driving.

1.) Vision
A driver must see quickly, clearly and accurately. Seeing too late makes decisions come too late. Decisions made while driving are based on what the driver see. If eyes do not see properly, it can be corrected by using corrective lenses.

2.) Smell
By smelling, you can tell the presence of gas that may be coming out of your car. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning may result to drowsiness, headaches, nausea or mental dullness that impair your driving ability. Check your engine and exhaust system if they are in top condition.

3.) Hearing
A driver who has impaired hearing may not hear important sound like police vehicles, sirens of fire engines and horns of other drivers who wish to pass. The use of hearing aids overcome this defect.

4.) Touch
Proper coordination of hand and feet helps in controlling the vehicle while in motion. Sensitivity to the important parts of the car such as brakes, steering system, accelerator, lights and signals through your sense of touch enable you to determine any incoming failure that may surprise you and the other driver to an emergency.

5.) Emotions
Emotions affect driving performance. Failure to control emotions may lead to driving errors.

Anger - it impairs the performance of smooth braking and accelerating due to changes in some body functions such as increase heartbeats.

Anxiety - it may lead to panic decisions.

Excitement - stress and sometimes happiness changes the functions of the body and mind that prevents wise decision necessary for safe driving.

Fatigue - is the most common that lower driver's fitness. Fatigue may come from lack of
sleep, excessive physical exercise or from mental or emotional stress. Fatigue dulls the mind and slows down nerve and muscular responses. As a good driver, you must learn to cope with all these emotions, to perform the driving task safely and effectively.

Right of Way Rules are:

1.) First Time Vehicle Rule
At all intersections without "stop" or "yield" signs, slow down and prepare to stop. Yield to vehicles already in the intersection or about to enter it.

2.) Same Time Vehicle Rule
At all intersections without "stop" or "yield" signs (or with stops in all directions). Yield to the vehicle on your right if it has reached the intersection of same time as your vehicle.

3.) Stop Signs
Stop at any limit line or crosswalk. Yield to all approaching vehicles on the through street, go only when it is safe for you to cross. Approaching vehicles should slow down and allow you to get across safely.

4.) Left Turn
Signal left turn and yield to approaching traffic until it is completely safe to finish the turn.

5.) Rotonda
Vehicles around the rotunda have the right-of-way over vehicles which are just about to enter.

When entering a highway from a driveway, yield the right-of-way to traffic on the highway. Never insist on taking the right-of-way if other drivers are not following the rules, let them have the right-of-way even if it belongs to you to prevent possible accidents, however, do not always insist on other going ahead of you, slowing and stopping may delay the flow of traffic.

Give the Right-of-Way to Emergency Vehicles
One should yield the right-of-way to police cars, fire trucks, ambulances and other emergency vehicles which are sounding a siren or bell or flashing a red light by pulling to the edge of the roadway and stopping. In the event traffic is so congested as to prevent you from safely doing so, slow down and leave a clear path for the emergency vehicles.

Passing
The law places the responsibility on the driver of the passing car, if the driver makes mistakes in passing he is held liable.

Three Important Things to Remember in Passing
1.) It is illegal to speed up when being passed. Continue at the same speed, or reduce your speed.
2.) Help other drivers to pass safely. Move to the right side of your lane to give the other driver more room and a better view ahead.
3.) Show the passing driver the same courtesy that you would expect from other drivers.

When not to pass - Especially on Roads Marked by Signs
1.) At no-passing zone marked by signs or by solid yellow lanes or double-solid yellow lines which indicate no passing.
2.) On blind-curves where you would not be able to see oncoming cars, always stay in your own lane on any curve, out of the way of oncoming traffic.
3.) On going up a hill, passing is not allowed from 700 to 1,000 feet from the top of a hill.
4.) At intersections or railroad crossing-where other vehicles or pedestrians may suddenly appear or unless such intersections is controlled by traffic signal.
5.) Near a bridge or underpass hat may cut- off a road shoulder. You or the car passed might need to use the shoulder road in case emergency arises.

Where Passing is not Safe
1.) When there is a long time of cars ahead.
2.) When you intend to turn or stop very soon.
3.) When an incoming car is too close.
4.) When the car ahead is going at or near the speed limit. Speed limit is still applied when passing.
5.) When sight distance ahead is limited.
6.) When the maneuver would have to be completed in a no-passing zone such as hill, curve or intersection.

Passing on the right is permitted only
When overtaking another vehicle making or about to make a left turn or signaling intent to make a left turn.
On streets and highways marked for multi-lanes; and
On one-way traffic streets.

Curves
To make it around a tight curve, keep the turning of the front wheels in line with the sharpness of the curve. When turning right, keep your front wheel close to the center line. This prevents he rear wheels from dropping off the pavement. Curving left keep your front wheels close to the right edge to prevent the rear wheels from drifting into the other lane.
Avoid braking in a curve because this can cause you to skid out of control. Slow down before you get into the curve. Accelerate after you have passed the midpoint of the turn.

DRIVING TECHNIQUES AND SAFETY

DRIVING TECHNIQUES AND SAFETY

Keys to Safe Driving

· Good vision, look with your eyes but see with your mind.

· Obeying traffic rules and regulations.

· Proper care of your car.

· Be courteous to other road users.

· Proper signaling. Failure to signal is dangerous and inconsiderate.

· Physical fitness. Let someone else take the wheel if you are not physically and mentally alert.

Proper Use of Brakes

A good driver uses his brakes. An experienced driver is able to make without using his brakes a great deal and yet be perfectly safe, as compared to the less experienced one who keeps on banging at his brakes every now and then. Skidding is cause by sudden hard and violent braking as the weight of the vehicle is thrown forward and downward thereby subjecting the front suspension to a force greatly in excess of what is normal. Steering therefore becomes unwieldy and because the weight at the back is suddenly transferred to the front, road holding by the rear tires is greatly reduced - hence sliding and skidding. A good driver should therefore be able to anticipate stops by intelligently reading the road and be able to apply progressive light braking and have control of the vehicle at all times, smoothly stopping before any potential hazard with ease.

Steering

In order to be able to have control of the car, the driver must be sitting in the correct comfortable position in relation to his size.

· When turning, hand in the direction you are going should pull down; the other hand allowing the wheel to pass through it, if necessary, the other hand can help by pushing the wheel upward.

· When transferring from one lane to another, or when pulling in after overtaking, the turn should be gradual and never a sudden swerve which may result in skidding.

· A firm, not a tight, grip on the wheel is all that is needed. Never grip tightly on a greasy road.

· Do not move the wheel to and from while driving; a firm straight steer is better.

· Both elbows should be free from obstruction. Never rest eh left elbow on the window frame while driving.

· Never drive off without first having made sure that the seat, mirror, doors windows, etc., are properly adjusted.

Gear Changing

· Avoid over-reviving in lower gears- a direct cause of over-hearing, engine wear and high fuel consumption. Do not put unnecessary load on your engine by not changing to lower gear when necessary. Change gear before a potential hazard.

Stopping

A driver should have the ability to judge how much time and space you need to stop your vehicle. The amount of time it takes for you to see when to stop until you step on the brakes is called REACTION TIME.

A driver of a motor vehicle, is considered stopped when passengers and cargoes were loaded and unloaded for about ten (10) minutes or more.

There is no simple way on how long will it take one stop at a certain speed. Signs, signals and traffic rules tell us to stop.